\newcommand{\N}{\mathbb{N}}
\newcommand{\Z}{\mathbb{Z}}
\newcommand{\Q}{\mathbb{Q}}
\newcommand{\R}{\mathbb{R}}
\newcommand{\C}{\mathbb{C}}
\newcommand{\F}{\mathbb{F}}
\newcommand{\K}{\mathbb{K}}
\newcommand{\E}{\mathbb{E}}
\newcommand{\H}{\mathbb{H}}

\newcommand{\D}{\mathrm{D}}
\newcommand{\d}{\mathrm{d}}
\newcommand{\i}{\mathrm{i}}
\newcommand{\e}{\mathrm{e}}

\newcommand{\diag}{\operatorname{diag}}
\newcommand{\span}{\operatorname{span}}
\newcommand{\im}{\operatorname{im}}
\newcommand{\id}{\operatorname{id}}
\newcommand{\grad}{\operatorname{grad}}

\newcommand{\zyk}[1]{\Z/#1\Z}

\newcommand{\matrix}[1]{\left(\begin{matrix}#1\end{matrix}\right)}
\newcommand{\vector}[1]{\left(\begin{array}{c}#1\end{array}\right)}
\newcommand{\align}[1]{\begin{align*}#1\end{align*}}

\newcommand{\ket}[1]{\left\vert#1\right>}
\newcommand{\bra}[1]{\left<#1\right\vert}
\newcommand{\braket}[2]{\left<#1\middle\vert#2\right>}
\newcommand{\braketop}[3]{\left<#1\middle\vert#2\middle\vert#3\right>}
\newcommand{\mean}[1]{\left<#1\right>}

\newcommand{\lvert}{\left\vert}
\newcommand{\rvert}{\right\vert}
\newcommand{\lVert}{\left\Vert}
\newcommand{\rVert}{\right\Vert}